Pedro I of Brazil
| Pedro I of Brazil Pedro IV of Portugal |
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| Pedro I around age 35, c.1834. | |
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| Reign | 12 October 1822 – 7 April 1831 |
| Coronation | 1 December 1822 |
| Successor | Pedro II |
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| Reign | 10 March 1826 – 28 May 1826 |
| Predecessor | John VI |
| Successor | Maria II |
| Consort | Maria Leopoldina of Austria Amélia of Leuchtenberg |
| Issue | |
| Maria II of Portugal Januária Maria, Princess Imperial of Brazil Princess Francisca Pedro II of Brazil Princess Maria Amélia |
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| House | House of Braganza |
| Father | John VI of Portugal |
| Mother | Carlota Joaquina de Bourbon |
| Born | October 12, 1798 Queluz Palace, Lisbon |
| Died | September 24, 1834 (aged 35) Queluz Palace, Lisbon |
Pedro I of Brazil (English: Peter I, October 12, 1798 – September 24, 1834), was the first ruler of the Empire of Brazil and also King of Portugal as Pedro IV, having reigned for 8 years and 2 months, respectively. His full name was Pedro de Alcântara Francisco António João Carlos Xavier de Paula Miguel Rafael Joaquim José Gonzaga Pascoal Cipriano Serafim[1] (English: Peter of Alcantara Francis John Charles Xavier of Paula Michael Raphael Joachim Joseph Gonzaga Pascal Cyprian Seraph.). He was born on 12 October, 1798, in Queluz, the fourth child of King Dom João VI of Portugal and Infanta Charlotte of Spain. The Emperor-King was a member of the Portuguese branch and founder of the Brazilian branch of the House of Braganza and was referred to using the honorific "Dom" (English: Don).[2]
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Early years
Pedro was born on 12 October 1798 at the Palácio Nacional de Queluz, near Lisbon. His father was the prince regent at the time and would later become King John VI of Portugal (João VI); his mother was Charlotte of Spain (Carlota Joaquina), daughter of Charles IV of Spain; he was the royal couple's second child. When his elder brother the Infante (Prince) António Francisco died in 1801, Pedro was made Prince of Beira as he was the heir-apparent of the then-Prince of Brazil, his father. In 1807, when Pedro was nine, the royal family left Portugal as an invading French Army approached Lisbon. (See Napoleonic Wars.) They arrived in Brazil with an English escort in early 1808. The family would remain in the country for 13 years. Their presence made Rio de Janeiro the de facto capital of the Portuguese Empire, and led to Brazil's elevation to the status of a kingdom co-equal with Portugal.
It is said that Pedro was João's favorite son, although the same could not be said about Carlota, who cherished her second son Miguel. The education of Pedro I was very much neglected. Both Pedro and his brother Miguel were brought up haphazardly. Pedro and Miguel would often run away from their tutors to mingle with stable boys and spent their days running around the streets with uneducated children. This led the boys to pick up habits that may have been considered uncouth by some of their contemporaries, and the colloquialisms of the so-called plebeian classes. As a result of his familiarity with street life, Pedro grew up with little respect for the symbols and conventions of his age. Because of this, he felt himself to be the son of the people rather than the son of royalty. All his life he would become familiar with individuals in every different aspect of life.
Pedro adapted well to the Brazilian milieu. He was an excellent horseman, enjoyed the military life, and could compete with common soldiers and officers equally. Also, he demonstrated early musical talents and later composed some music of creditable amateur quality. Besides music, he displayed a knack for drawing, sculpting, the manual crafts, and even poetry. He was considered to be handsome, and was soon to be the talk of the town. Riding on horseback, he would often be bold enough to draw back the curtains of passing coaches, in search of beautiful women. His young endeavors with these women would give him a bad reputation that he would not be able to shed in the future.
In 1817, Pedro married Archduchess Maria Leopoldina of Austria, a daughter of Francis II, Holy Roman Emperor. Although she married him for imperial reasons, she loved her husband even if it wasn’t reciprocal. Throughout Pedro’s difficult days, she proved to be a devoted collaborator. Leopoldina’s intelligence, consideration, and personality quickly earned her the respect and admiration of the Portuguese and Brazilians, as well as of her husband, but she was unable to distract him from his amorous affairs. Leopoldina lacked many of the feminine traits, which appealed to Pedro. She was very modest in her appearance and had little interest in personal adornment. As she began to get to know the Brazilians better and understand their noble qualities of freedom and independence, she started to love the Brazilians and considered herself as being one.
João VI returned to Lisbon in 1821 because Napoleon of France had been defeated and the country was having problems with the liberal Cortéz. He did not leave empty handed, however; he took from Rio de Janeiro to Portugal all the money in the treasury, leaving his son Prince Pedro behind in Rio to watch the Brazilian situation. Some of the duties that came with being regent were the task of appointing and dismissing ministers, administering justice, handling finances, commuting, or pardoning death sentences, making war and concluding peace, and conferring honors and decorations. At the time, the Brazilian elites were scared of recolonization and the loss of control over the provinces. The elites discovered a sense of patriotic pride of native birth and popular sovereignty. Observing what was happening in the New world, João VI advised Pedro to declare Brazil independent and take the throne for himself rather than allow a usurper to take over the country. This way there would still be a Portuguese king in power in Brazil. By the year’s end, Pedro had officially declared Brazil an independent constitutional monarchy with himself as monarch.
Brazilian independence
When King João VI finally returned to Portugal, in the early 1820s, most of the privileges that had been accorded to Brazil were rescinded, sparking the ire of local nationalists. Pedro, who had remained in the country as regent, sided with the nationalist element and even supported the Portuguese Constitutionalist movement that led to the revolt in Porto in 1820. When pressed by the Portuguese court to return, he refused. For that, he was demoted from regent to a mere representative of the Lisbon court in Brazil. This news reached him on 7 September 1822, when he had just arrived in São Paulo, from a visit to the port of Santos. On the banks of the Ipiranga River, he unsheathed his sword, removed the blue and white Portuguese shield from his coat, and declared "Independence or death!" This later became his famous speech O grito do Ipiranga (The Cry of Ipiranga). He was proclaimed Emperor of Brazil on 12 October his 24th birthday, and crowned on December 1.
Troubled reign
The early years of Brazilian independence were difficult. Dom Pedro I assumed the title of Emperor instead of King to underline the diversity of the Brazilian provinces, The Napoleonic concept of Empire as a more modern and progressive form of monarchy embodying rejection of the Ancien Régime also was useful in uniting the relatively cosmopolitan society of Rio de Janeiro with the more conservative, patriarchal stance held in the rest of the country.
In early 1823, the first problem confronting Pedro I was drafting a constitution. Brazil was divided between the Brazilian Party led by José Bonifácio, which included the landed aristocracy who favored a constitutional monarchy, and the Portuguese party which included the commercial class, office holders and families of Portuguese origin, who wanted an absolutist monarchy. In 1822, during the struggle for independence, Dom Pedro I had considered himself a liberal and had promised Brazil a constitution. He soon appeared to forget his liberal ideals by enacting a Constitution that gave him substantial power. This was seen as necessary to keep control of the interior, particularly in the feudal North, and to prevent the instability and democratic fractioning that characterized other areas of Latin America during this time. The Brazilian party dominated the assembly and refused to assent to so much power in the hands of the emperor. Conflict increased further after Muniz Tavares, a Brazilian assemblyman, attacked the Portuguese party, which he believed resented Brazilian independence. The Sentinella and the Tamoyo, two constitutionalist papers, were written to attack Portuguese born officials. In response to the dispute, Dom Pedro dissolved the assembly on 12 November 1823. He exiled many assemblymen and jailed a few. Upholding his promise to provide a constitution, he then gathered a committee of ten who then ratified a new, but very similar, constitution on 25 March 1824. This rewritten constitution remained in effect until the end of the Brazilian empire in 1889.
The new constitution established a conservative, centralized monarchy with significant constitutional limitations and power-sharing. It sought to maintain stability and protect property. Powers were divided into executive, legislative, judiciary, and moderating branches. The legislative branch contained the Senate and the Chamber of Deputies, both of whose members were elected to power. Unlike the Chamber of Deputies, the Senate remained in office for life. The Council of State, or the judicial branch, consisted of a council of respected elders whom the emperor appointed for life and who exercised executive powers to issue judgments in important issues, such as war. The emperor held supremacy or moderating power. He could therefore veto all resolutions. He was also empowered to appoint a senator from a group of elected senators, appoint councils of state, pardon criminals, review judicial decisions, and replace elected deputies, presidents of provinces, ministers, bishops and senators. Pedro’s failure to put the constitution in effect immediately, however, left many Brazilians suspicious that Pedro's support of a constitution was a ruse.
During 1824 and 1825, many Brazilians became opposed to the accumulated powers of the emperor and the unpopular provincial presidents he appointed. Secret opposition papers attacked the emperor, his ministers, his servants and his mistresses, in particular Domitilla de Castro, the Marchioness of Santos. Dissatisfaction climaxed with the revolt of liberal urban forces in Pernambuco. Friar Joaquim do Amor Divino (popularly known as "Frei Caneca") led a revolt in response to the appointment of an unpopular governor, Francisco Paes Barreto. In July 1824, Frei Caneca and Manuel de Carvalho sought to unite several republics in the formation of the Confederation of the Equator. The Confederation failed to take hold and the emperor put many revolutionaries to death, including Frei Caneca.
The absolutist character of events in Rio raised concern in the very mostly liberal Northeast. This region soon called for its own constituent assembly. But the movement was not a success because it was divided within itself on the issue of slavery and because Dom Pedro hired British and French ships and mercenaries to repress them. Because of this, Britain was able to underwrite much of the transition to Brazilian independence. Britain could also facilitate recognition from the international community, and Dom Pedro sought this recognition of Brazil’s independence. At first European nations were reluctant because of the hesitance of Portugal. The United States became the first to recognize its independence. By 1825 Britain, realizing the importance of Brazil’s market, convinced Portugal to accept Brazil’s independence. In exchange, Pedro agreed to repay a loan from Britain for the war between Portugal and Brazil. The loan implied that Pedro would inherit the Portuguese throne. He also signed a treaty with Britain, continuing the 15% import tariff and abolishing the slave trade within three years. The concessions to end slavery especially made Pedro I unpopular with the landed aristocracy, which constituted much of the Brazilian party.
Republican sentiment soared, and during the 1825 war with Argentina, the Cisplatine province seceded to become Uruguay. The war lasted for two years, and as a result Brazil suffered great military and financial devastation. When Pedro visited the troops in November 1826, the beloved empress Leopoldina died. Pamphlets were published accusing Dom Pedro of imposing physical violence on her during her pregnancy, while having an affair with Domitilla.
On the death of his father, Pedro chose to inherit his title as King of Portugal (Pedro IV) on March 10, 1826, ignoring the restrictions of his own Constitution. He promulgated the Portuguese liberal constitution of 26 April, but was forced to abdicate the throne of Portugal on 28 May 1826 in favor of his daughter Maria II. Since she was then only 7 years old, he nominated his brother Dom Miguel as regent, on the promise that he would marry her. Dom Miguel, however, deposed Maria, and Pedro spent the next years engineering her restoration. Meanwhile, his apparent indecision between Brazil and Portugal further damaged his waning popularity in Brazil.
On 17 October 1829, Pedro married his second wife, Princess Amélie de Beauharnais von Leuchtenberg, in Rio de Janeiro. Amélie was the daughter of Eugène de Beauharnais, and the granddaughter of the Empress Josephine. She was also the sister of Charles Auguste Eugène Napoléon de Beauharnais, who married Maria II once her marriage to Dom Miguel had been annulled.
Domestically, Pedro was accused of mismanaging financial affairs. During his reign, debt rose, inflation grew, the exchange rate sunk, and the bank issued ineffective paper money which drove gold and silver out of circulation. The cost of living rose in the cities. British tariffs also troubled the elite and middle class, who demanded imported consumer goods. The production of tobacco, leather, cocoa, cotton, and even coffee declined. With the Portuguese still in control of most of the retail market, anti-Portuguese feelings mounted. The cumulative result of military, domestic and economic setbacks prompted most of the urban elite, who had been absolutists, to side with the liberals. Even the army, discontented with Portuguese commanders and military defeats, distanced itself from the emperor.
In the end, Dom Pedro's aspirations in Portugal cost him his rule in Brazil.
Return to Portugal
In the aftermath of a political crisis that followed the dismissal of his ministers, and amid a growing economic crisis, Pedro abdicated his throne in Brazil in favor of his son Pedro II on 7 April 1831, who was only five at the time. Pedro reasserted his use of his old title, 18th Duke of Braganza.
With the death of João VI on 10 March 1826, Pedro, as the rightful heir, briefly inherited as Pedro IV of Portugal. He abdicated the throne to his seven year old daughter Maria da Gloria. However there was a key condition, when she became of age (14 years), she would marry Pedro's brother Miguel. This announcement led to a revision to the 1822 constitution. Pedro's sister Isabel Maria became regent. Miguel accepted this solution and distanced himself from the absolutists, some of whom staged a rebellion, failed, and fled to Spain.
In 1827, Miguel attempted to put a claim on the regency over Isabel Maria, although nobody accepted the suggestion out of fear of the absolutists. On 22 February 1828, Miguel returned to Portugal, and four days later he took the oath to his brother and the charter and was installed as lieutenant-general. This loyalty lasted long. Margirita and his mother, Carlota Joaquina, immediately began to oust the liberals and demonstrations in favor of Pedro or the constitution were prohibited.
A group of exiled liberals landed at Porto from the British ship, the Belfast, and raised a rebellion. The rebellion failed and the senior liberals were forced to take refuge back on the Belfast, and leave again for England. Of all of Portuguese territory, only the Azores remained faithful to Pedro, partly because the garrison stayed loyal. On 11 July 1828 Miguel was proclaimed king. The United States and Mexico were the only two countries to recognize him as King. The Holy See, Great Britain, Austria, France, Naples, and Spain protested against the illegal suppression of the constitution.
In August 1829, Miguel sent a squadron of 22 ships to the Azores, which were controlled by Pedro. After a day of battle, the liberals under the Count of Vila Flor emerged victorious, taking hundreds of prisoners. In April 1831, Pedro abdicated the throne in Brazil in favor of his son, Pedro II, and sailed for Britain where he began to organize a military expedition against his brother Miguel.
Pedro entered Porto on 9 July 1832, and was attacked by the Miguelite army. In the subsequent weeks the absolutist besieged the city. The Siege of Porto lasted over a year, with many failed assaults and battles. Pedro took a risk and sent an expedition to the Algarve by sea (June 1833) despite the fact Porto was still under siege. This proved a war winning strategy as although the siege of Porto continued it became a secondary theatre of operations. Marshal Saldanha eventually broke the siege in August 1833 and later that month the city was free. In July 1833, Pedro arrived in Lisbon. This gave the liberals both of Portugal's major cities, Lisbon and Porto, where they commanded a sizeable following among the middle classes. In contrast, the absolutists controlled the rural areas, where they were supported by the aristocracy, and by a peasantry that was galvanized by the Church. A stalemate of nine months ensued. During this time Maria da Glória was proclaimed Queen, with Dom Pedro as Regent. Pedro dismissed Miguelite ministers and clergy and appropriated church property. On 25 August 1833 Lisbon was under siege. The most active period seemed to be between 5 and 14 September, but the liberal lines held. Saldanha broke the siege on 10 October 1833, and forced the Miguelites east toward Santarém.
On 22 April 1834 the Quadruple Alliance was drawn up. Portugal, Spain, Britain and France agreed to banish Dom Miguel from Portugal and Don Carlos from Spain. Spain committed to keep troops in Portugal until the end of the Portuguese Liberal War, Britain promised naval support for Dom Pedro and Isabel of Spain, and Portugal agreed to supply an auxiliary force for operations against Don Carlos in Spain. This nearly signalled the end of the war. On 27 May 1834 Miguel's officers were unwilling to risk a final battle after nearly two years of warfare, despite still having 18,000 men in the ranks. Miguel was induced to seek terms of capitulation and eventually renounced all claims to the throne of Portugal and agreed to go into exile.
Pedro had finally put his daughter Maria da Gloria back on the throne but this would be his last act. He had returned to his homecountry, Portugal, to fight for his political ideologies and personal interests, after he had abdicated his throne in Brazil in favor of his son in 1831. He died in Queluz, the palace of his birth, aged 35, of tuberculosis. In 1972, his remains were returned to Brazil and re-interred in the present Ipiranga Museum.
Titles and honours
| Styles of Pedro I, Emperor of Brazil |
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| Reference style | His Imperial Majesty |
| Spoken style | Your Imperial Majesty |
| Alternative style | Sire |
| Royal styles of Pedro IV, King of Portugal |
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| Reference style | His Most Faithful Majesty |
| Spoken style | Your Most Faithful Majesty |
| Alternative style | Sire |
Titles and styles
- 12 October 1798 - 11 June 1801: His Highness The Infante Dom Pedro[3]
- 11 June 1801 - 20 March 1816: His Royal Highness The Prince of Beira[4]
- 20 March 1816 – 9 January 1817: His Royal Highness The Prince of Brazil[5]
- 9 January 1817 – 12 October 1822: His Royal Highness The Prince Royal[6]
- 12 October 1822 – 7 April 1831: His Imperial Majesty The Emperor[7]
- 10 March 1826 – 2 May 1826: His Most Faithful Majesty The King[8]
As Brazilian Emperor his full style and title were:
| “ | His Imperial Majesty Dom Pedro I, Constitutional Emperor and Perpetual Defender of Brazil.[9] | ” |
As Portuguese King his full style and title were:
| “ | His Most Faithful Majesty Dom Pedro IV, King of Portugal and the Algarves, of either side of the sea in Africa, Lord of Guinea and of Conquest, Navigation and Commerce of Ethiopia, Arabia, Persia and India, etc.[10] | ” |
Honours
- Grand Master of the Order of Christ (Brazilian offshoot)[11]
- Grand Master of the Order of Saint Benedict of Aviz (Brazilian offshoot)[11]
- Grand Master of the Order of Saint James of the Sword (Brazilian offshoot)[11]
- Grand Master of the Order of the Southern Cross[11]
- Grand Master of the Order of Pedro I[11]
- Grand Master of the Order of the Rose[11]
Genealogy
Ancestry
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Posterity
By his first wife, Maria Leopoldina, Archduchess of Austria (22 January 1797–11 December 1826):
- Maria II of Portugal (4 April 1819–15 November 1853)
- Miguel, Prince of Beira (26 April 1820, stillborn)
- João Carlos de Bragança, Prince of Brazil (6 March 1821–4 February 1822)
- Januária de Bragança, Princess Imperial of Brazil (11 March 1822–13 March 1901). Married Prince Louis, Count of Aquila, son of Francis I of the Two Sicilies, and had issue.
- Paula de Bragança, Princess of Brazil (17 February 1823–16 January 1833).
- Francisca de Bragança, Princess of Brazil (2 August 1824–27 March 1898). Married Francis d'Orleans, Prince de Joinville, son of Louis-Philippe of France, and had issue.
- Pedro II of Brazil (2 December 1825–5 December 1891)
By his second wife, Amélie de Beauharnais, Duchess of Leuchtenberg (31 July 1812–26 January 1873):
- Maria Amélia de Bragança, Princess of Brazil (1 December 1831–4 February 1853).
He had also nine illegitimate children, including five with his best-known lover Domitila, Marchioness of Santos, one with her sister, and one with a nun in Portugal.
Bibliography
Footnotes
- ↑ Branco, p.XXXVI
- ↑ Barman (1999), p. 424.
- ↑ Branco, p.XXXVII
- ↑ Branco, p.XXXVII
- ↑ Branco, p.XXXVII
- ↑ Branco, p.XXXVII
- ↑ Branco, p.XXXVII
- ↑ Branco, p.XXXVII
- ↑ Rodrigues (1863), p. 71.
- ↑ http://www.fd.unl.pt/Anexos/Investigacao/1533.pdf
- ↑ 11.0 11.1 11.2 11.3 11.4 11.5 Barman (1999), p. 11.
References
- Barman, Roderick J. Citizen Emperor: Pedro II and the Making of Brazil, 1825–1891. Stanford: Stanford University Press, 1999. ISBN 1804735107 (English)
- Branco, João Carlos Feo Cardoso de Castello. Resenha das familias titulares do reino de Portugal: Acompanhada das notícias biográphicas de alguns indivíduos da mesmas famílias. Lisboa: Imprensa Nacional, 1838. (Portuguese)
- Rodrigues, José Carlos. Constituição política do Império do Brasil. Rio de Janeiro: [s.n], 1863. (Portuguese)
See also
- Empire of Brazil
- History of Brazil
- History of Portugal
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Pedro I of Brazil
Cadet branch of the House of Aviz
Born: 12 October 1798 Died: 24 September 1834 |
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| New title Acclaimed as Emperor of Brazil
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Emperor of Brazil October 12, 1822 – April 7, 1831 |
Succeeded by Pedro II |
| Preceded by John VI |
King of Portugal and the Algarves March 10 – May 28, 1826 |
Succeeded by Maria II |
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